Impact Of Enlightenment On The French Revolution - 878 Words

I agree that the Enlightenment was force for positive change in society. The Enlightenment was one was the most important intellectual movements in History, as it dominated and influenced the way people thought in Europe in the late 17th and 18th centuries. We will look at how it ultimately influenced the American and French Revolution which is still strongly governed by these ideas and principles today. The Age of Enlightenment was a European movement emphasizing reasoning and individualism rather than tradition. Different factors had a part to play in starting and even propelling ‘the Age of Enlightenment’, such as the rule of the Church and State and the power struggle between them, as well as the Western discovery of new societies†¦show more content†¦Rousseau differed with Locke about the role of the individual in relation to the state, with Rousseau emphasizing the importance of the governed being involved in politics Enlightened thinkers believed that when people consent to be governed, it is with the implicit expectation that their government will act in the name of their common good. Failing that obligation means the people have the right to overthrow their government and install one that will successfully look out for their best interests. All of this gave way to a cultural revolution that promoted new ideas and values concerning philosophical, economic and political debates. Growing questions of the absolute authority of monarchy and church planted the seeds for a revolution that focused on individualism, freedom, self-determination and other areas of change. Democracy and equality were of great importance to the thinkers of the Enlightenment who were dissatisfied with the greediness and the prestige of the aristocratic social tier. Although the Enlightenment allowed for the birth of democracy, it was in absolutist state that its impact was first felt. We see how the Enlightenment had a positive impact in Prussia under Frederick ll who become known as an ‘enlightened despot’1. He drew upon Enlightenment philosophy to reform the Prussian state, playing an active role in attempting to improve the lives of his people by reforming the legal system, the government and advocating religious tolerance. NoShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The Enlightenment And The French Revolution1015 Words   |  5 Pagesenemy, the Kingdom of Great Britain. There were two wars, The Revolutionay War, and The French Revolution. Both of these wars were influenced by the enlightenment, but what were the philosophies of each war, and what happened at the end of them? The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a period of time both the 13 British Colonies and the French used as inspiration in their Revolutions. The Americans, such as Thomas Jefferson drew inspiration from John Locke, who believedRead MoreImpact Of Enlightenment Ideas On The French Revolution844 Words   |  4 Pages How Enlightenment Ideas Impacted the French Revolution? Towards the end of the 18th century, almost all of Europe had gone through a period called the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers, and philosophers, promoted reason and human freedom over tradition and religion. France had one of the bloodiest Enlightenment periods in history because they used the ideas of John Lockes Natural Rights, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract, and Voltaire (Franà §ois-Marie Arouet) teaching of FreedomRead MoreEnlightenment During The French Revolution1423 Words   |  6 Pages Enlightenment during The French Revolution: Two of the Greatest Eras Working Together Without Knowing Molly Dauk Honors World History Mrs. Bartosik May 5, 2017 The Enlightenment and the French Revolution, two of the most enriched periods of history, probably never to be left out of the history books. The French Revolution was influenced greatly by the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment period took place over about three-hundred years, whereas the French Revolution took place for onlyRead MoreTo What Extent Was The Enlightenment The Main Driving Force Behind The American And French Revolutions?1479 Words   |  6 Pagesfocuses on the causes of Atlantic Revolutions and will explore the question: To what extent was the Enlightenment the main driving force behind the American and French Revolutions? The years 1685 to 1815 (Strayer, 2011) will be the focus of this investigation to allow for an analysis of the Enlightenment ideas’ impact the need for governmental change in the American colonies and France during the eighteenth century, as well as their governmental influences post-revolutions. †¯ The first source whichRead MoreFrench Revolution - Montesquieu Voltaire844 Words   |  4 PagesFrench Revolution: The Influences When the Enlightenment occurred, it established some modern-day ideals such as religious toleration, separation of powers, and natural rights. These Enlightened principles eventually spread throughout France, causing the people to question the current state of their society, and ultimately causing the French Revolution. Montesquieu and Voltaire were two very major Enlightenment figures whose beliefs had a huge impact on the French Revolution. The ever-growingRead MoreThe Enlightenment s Influence On The French Revolution885 Words   |  4 PagesMaheera Syed The Enlightenment’s Influence on the French Revolution No one could have imagined the impact that the Enlightenment would have and its long-lasting effect. The Enlightenment and its ideas became so widespread that they did not only affect France, but many other countries also. The French Revolution was directly inspired and influenced by the Enlightenment. Revolutionaries in France built their cause around the ideals of the Age of Reason. Reason, reform and modernity took hold mainlyRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1471 Words   |  6 Pageshands of the people. Through bloodshed, the radical actions of the French Revolution sparked by philosophies of Enlightenment, will impact the future. Historical figures such as Robespierre heading the Great Assembly will drive change in culture through the revolution, in hopes of achieving enlightened societies. The 18th century marks the beginning of modern history. The French revolution playing a role in furthering Enlightenment, will led to a chain of events that will change the course of theRead MoreLiberalism in French Revolution Through Enlightenment1593 Words   |  7 PagesTHE LIBERAL REVOLUTION -UNDER THE IDEA OF ENLIGHTENMENT Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason!-Kant Contents ENLIGHTENMENT AS AN IDEA: 3 FRENCH SOCIETY: 3 THE LIBERAL REVOLUTION: 3 CRITICISM ON THE IDEA OF LIBERALISM: 4 CONCLUSION 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 ENLIGHTENMENT AS AN IDEA: â€Å"Enlightenment is mans emergence from his self-imposed nonage†¦ Sapere Aude! Dare to Know! Have the courage to use your own understanding is therefore the motto of the EnlightenmentRead MoreOverview of The Enlightenment Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enlightenment was a period of history throughout the mid-decades of the seventeenth century and during the course of the eighteenth century, in which intense revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics occurred. This part of history was important because it was an enormous departure from the Middle Ages. Seldom before and after this time, did the Church have as much power as it did during the Enlightenment. There were three main eras of the Enlightenment: The Early EnlightenmentRead MoreRousseaus Impact On The French Revolution1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe ideas of Enlightenment philosophers rippled throughout the globe, however, they seemed to have the most interesting effect on France. Jean-Jacques Rous seau was a major contributor to Frances political and social structure post-French revolution. These ideas weren’t the only triggers for the French Revolution. A combination of strangling taxes, economic disparity, and an impotent ruler led to the development of an intense need for reform in France. â€Å"France spent an enormous amount of money during

Tax Simulation Research Paper - 1522 Words

Subject: Tax Issues of Lee’s Decision on Purchasing a Vacation Condo Facts: Mr. and Mrs. Lee are considering investing in a $500,000 condominium in Miami Beach, Florida, as their vacation home. Their marginal tax bracket is 33% and they also pay Maryland state and country income taxes at a rate of 7%. They are required to put down a 20% deposit and will get a mortgage for the balance for ten years’ interest at 5% annually. They can rent the condominium back to the Developer for two years for $4,000 a month and still use the unit for up to 30 days a year. Besides, indirect expenses are estimated including property taxes at $10,000 a year, a maintenance fee at $6,000 a year, insurance at $200 a month and utilities at $300 a month. The†¦show more content†¦In  §1.183-1(d), the renting and holding of the condo will be considered a single activity only if the income derived from renting exceeds the deductions which are not directly attributable to the holding of the condo. In fact, assuming the rental period will be 11 months of two year s, the annual rental income will not exceed the annual deduction. In regard of the Lees’ intention to spend more time in Miami after their retirement, it is not an activity engaged in for profit. Issue C: What are the prospective deductions and tax savings assuming ownership and operation of the condo if the ownership and operation of the condo is not an activity entered into for profit? Authorities:  §1.183-1(d),  § 280A(e),  § 163(d),  §1.164,  § 168(b) Conclusion: With standard deduction, the taxable income of first two years will respectively be $8,140 and $7,417. Consequently, the tax savings will be $5,454 and $4,969. If it is with itemized deduction, the taxable income will be $9,073 and $8,295 and the corresponding tax savings will be $6,079 and $5,558. Analysis: The prospective deductions include interest expense, real property tax, utilities, insurance, maintenance and depreciation, which may generate tax savings limited to the income fromShow MoreRelatedDiageo Case Study1411 Words   |  6 Pagespolicies will be discussed. A simulation model was created by Diageo’s director of Finance and Capital Markets, Ian Simpson, and Adrian Williams, the firm’s Treasury Research Manager, to understand the tax benefits of higher gearing and the cost of financial distress. In this report, I will discuss the historical financial policies in Diageo. The actions of selling Pillsbury and spinoff of Burger King will be valued. 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The Social Entrepreneur Designing

Question: Discuss about theThe Social Entrepreneurfor Designing. Answer: Introduction Entrepreneurship has traditionally been defined as the process of designing, launching and running a new business, which typically begins as a small business, such as a startup company, offering a product, process or service for sale or hire, and the people who do so are called 'entrepreneurs'. Typically there are two approached of entrepreneurship. The first approach is the traditional approach of entrepreneurship where the business is done for profitability. The second approach of entrepreneurship is social entrepreneurship. With the approach of social entrepreneurship the objective is to deliver benefits to society along with profit maximization and revenue. Shirkova (2009) concluded a model with three primary stages to the life-cycle of companies which were started by their founding entrepreneurs: the start-up stage characterized as high centralization and no formalization; the growth stage characterized by the implementation of hierarchy levels and comprising low levels of forma lization; and the formalization stage comprising high formalization and low centralization levels. All these three stages are observed in traditional and social approach of entrepreneurship. The objective of this paper is to discuss the difference between the traditional and social entrepreneurship approach. This paper would focus on the launch of new product of a smartphone. The paper would discuss the manufacturing and supply of smartphone. For simplicity, it is assumed that the product would be introduced in Australia only and the product would be targeted to middle class consumers. The concept of social entrepreneurship is not a very old concept. Though, there are lots of cases of social entrepreneurship in the history. However, in recent times social entrepreneurship is seen an integral part of mainline business. It can be said that the businesses and corporations have started to explore the option of social entrepreneurship as they expand in domestic and international boundaries (Santos, 2012). Analysis Certain qualities define the entrepreneur as a subset of business owner. Theorists refer to entrepreneurs alternately as individuals who initiate change and individuals who exploit in-progress change by identifying and seizing opportunities to alter the status quo, despite the risks of early adoption. Social entrepreneurs are a type of business entrepreneur rather than a separate category. Whereas typical entrepreneurs improve commercial markets, social entrepreneurs improve social conditions. Several other factors further differentiate social entrepreneurs (Grimes McMullen, 2013). The majority of managers working for companies with social entrepreneurship outlook stage described their challenges as the organizations market reputation and staffing (Shirkova, 2009). In the growth stage the majority of managers described stability and market reputation as their major challenges (Shirkova, 2009). According to Shirkova (2009) in the formalization stage the majority of managers defined stability and market uniqueness as the organizations challenges. While the three stages resemble the entrepreneurial stage, collectivity stage, and the formalization stage as defined by Daft (2015) in Russian companies the delegation of management control remained with the founding entrepreneurs instead of hired managers (Shirkova, 2009). There are four defining stages in the life cycle of an organization. In the entrepreneurial stage the growth of the product or service is based on the creativity of the founder (Daft, 2015). A signal an organization is shifting from the entrepreneurial stage to the next stage, which is the collectivity stage, is the need for leadership, which can adjust the structure of the organization (Daft, 2015). Carson and Cumber (2013) recommend a succession plan once the organization survives the entrepreneurial stage. In the collectivity stage the growth employees work toward the organizations mission; however, when a shift occurs where the informal systems are no longer sustainable and the organization needs structured processes the organization is entering the formalization stage. According to Daft (2015) the formalization stage involves the installation and use of rules, procedures, and control systems and top management is concerned with issues such as strategy and planning (p. 352). A si gn that the formalization stage is transpiring into the next phase, which is the elaboration stage, is triggered when the red tape crisis of the formalization stage needs to be revamped through a sense of collaboration and task forces (Daft, 2015). According to Carson Cumber (2013) an organization in the elaboration stage needs reinvention or reinvigoration or else the organization will decline. The comparison between the traditional and social entrepreneurship approach for the manufacturing and supply of smart phone in Australia can be discussed as: Supply (Procurement) Side of the Business The supply function is a crucial function to procure the necessary raw materials. Both the models of traditional and social entrepreneurship model would focus to achieve the best quality supplies and raw materials at minimum possible cost (Reidenbach Robin, 2013). The differences lie in the approach of procurement. The traditional entrepreneurship would focus on profit maximization. Therefore, he or she can focus to procure the goods from large suppliers. On the other hand, the social entrepreneurship may want to procure the goods from the local suppliers so that the benefit is achieved for all the stakeholders (Lepoutre Justo, 2013). As Daft (2015) noted, in the first stage of supply or procurement, people management is informal for social entrepreneurship. However, this is not the case with traditional form of entrepreneurship. There is a high degree of buy-in to the organizations purpose, and people are willing to make sacrifices and work long hours so that the organization can succeed. As organizations mature and the company become more formalized and hierarchical, people management changes profoundly. As the organization grew, the traditional entrepreneurship perspective shifts from an informal decision-making process to one that relied heavily on formal policies and procedures. One reason for such a change is because as the organization grows, management simply cant continue to make decisions on a case-by-case basis. It would take too much time. Another reason is that organizations need to ensure they are treating everyone fairly and consistently (Dion, 2012). Formalized policies and procedures become necess ary protect both the organization and its employees. Manufacturing Side of the Business The traditional entrepreneurs would want to use the cheap labor so that its cost of operations could be minimized. On the other hand, the social entrepreneurs may look for the avenues where it can generate the employment opportunities for maximum people (Knutsen Brock, 2014). Overall, the utilization of strategic planning techniques has brought great benefits to social entrepreneurs. The manufacturing process of social entrepreneurs could be similar to the manufacturing process of a non-profit organization. An NPO has a different type of life cycle versus a for-profit. In an NPO, the first stage is the idea stage. Under this stage, there is no organization. The visionary contributes the resources necessary but at this point it is simply a vision or passion that can incubate for months or even years (Male, n.d.). During the second stage of the startup phase, a small group of people helps to solve the issue or develop a program. The people are focused on developing a mission. Many gro ups do not pass this phase. They may stay at the level of neighborhood watch groups, neighborhood associations, or cultural art groups etc. (Male). The third phase is the growth phase. This is when people understand that money must be incorporated because the expectations exceed the resources of people, time, talent etc. (Male). The fourth phase is the governance/maturity phase. Here there must be a development of staff, board meetings, and more money is needed (. The last stage is the institutional phase. During this phase, the CEO becomes less involved and operates as more of a manager in a decentralized system while the board focuses on the mission, public policy, etc. (Male). In the manufacturing side of the business, the focus of social entrepreneurship is on team and the focus on traditional form of entrepreneurship could be on individual. The manufacturing side of the business in traditional form of entrepreneurship would have a lot of emphasis on machine and automation (Miller Grimes, 2012). The social entrepreneurship may also focus on optimization. However, social entrepreneurship may focus more on sustainability and employment opportunities. Key Differences Between Social and Traditional Entrepreneurship The key differences between the social and the traditional form of entrepreneurship can highlighted as below: Social Traditional Combined (Both) Seek to solve the business problem through social outlook Seek a financial return on the investment Risk the capital to get positive returns on investment In most of the cases, the social entrepreneurship may not have a clear of define exit strategy In most of the cases, the traditional entrepreneurship would have a clear and define exit strategy The common thing is the objective of growth and development The capital markets are not very well developed for social entrepreneurs The capital markets are mostly well developed for social entrepreneurs The capital markets are defined by fast moving, nimble and agile strategies The difference between the traditional and social entrepreneurship for different parameters can be highlighted as: Parameter Social Traditional Profitability The social entrepreneurship has an underlying objective of profitability but it is not the only thing. For example, the social entrepreneurship approach for smartphone manufacturing would focus to increase the reach and penetration of smartphone in the country. The focus on profitability is relatively high in traditional approach of entrepreneurship as compared to social entrepreneurship. For example, the traditional approach of smartphone manufacturing would focus on maximum profitability Sustainability The focus on sustainable business practices is high There is focus on sustainability. However, the prime goal is profit maximization, it could be followed by sustainability Reach The focus is to increase the reach of smartphones in the Australian region The focus is not on maximum reach but on maximum profitability Long term orientation/ vision There could be absence of long term orientation or vision The business would have a clear understanding of long term vision and objectives. Conclusion Much like biological organisms, organizations evolve and progress through various stages of existence from birth to death. The four major phases of an organization's life span include the entrepreneurial, collectivity, formalization, and the elaboration stages (Daft, 2015). As organizations progress through the various life cycle stages, the organization's characteristics evolve. In infancy or the entrepreneurial stage, organizations are typically survival oriented and production is typically limited to single focus projects (Su, Baird, Schoch, 2015). As organizations progress towards "middle-age" structures become more formalized with highly defined labor roles. With maturation, organizations typically expand products and services and benefit from increased innovation through personnel engagement (Gray Tam, 2016). Finally, in the elaboration stage organizational leaders seek to create team initiatives to streamline bureaucratic constraints that emerged during the maturation proces s. The above paper discusses the manufacturing and the supply for the development of a smartphone in Australia. The entrepreneurs can also take a hybrid approach wherein they stock to the benefits of both the approaches of traditional entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurs. In the hybrid model that removes the over bureaucratized management to a small hands-off approach in regards to departments within the company itself in an effort to help return it to its entrepreneurial roots. This method can either harm the company or perhaps plummet it further into chaos and crisis. It is an effort to help departments turnover products faster. In the smartphone industry, one of the most single important characteristics to competitiveness is the value of time (Kimble and Bourdon, 2013). This move can either make or break the company. In the case of social entrepreneurship, an internal system must be devised that outlines exactly what will be used to monitor the sequence of growth or demise associated with the development of that organization. Leadership development must also be a part of the assessment process to improve organizational efficiency and effectiveness. References Daft, R. L. (2015). Organization theory and design (12th ed.) Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Dion, M., 2012. Are ethical theories relevant for ethical leadership?.Leadership Organization Development Journal,33(1), pp.4-24. Grimes, M.G., McMullen, J.S., Vogus, T.J. and Miller, T.L., 2013. Studying the origins of social entrepreneurship: compassion and the role of embedded agency.Academy of management review,38(3), pp.460-463. Kimble, C., Bourdon, I. (2013). The Link Among Information Technology, Business Models, and Strategic Breakthroughs: Examples from Amazon, Dell, and eBay. Global Business Organizational Excellence, 33(1), 58-68. Knutsen, W., Brock, K. (2014). Introductory essay: From a closed system to an open system: A parallel critical review of the intellectual trajectories of publicness and nonprofitness.Voluntas: International Journal Of Voluntary Nonprofit Organizations, 25(5), 1113-1131 Lepoutre, J., Justo, R., Terjesen, S. and Bosma, N., 2013. Designing a global standardized methodology for measuring social entrepreneurship activity: the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor social entrepreneurship study. Small Business Economics, 40(3), pp.693-714. Male, R (n.d.) Life Cycles of Nonprofit and Nongovernmental Organizations. Retrieved from https://www.omniportal.org/ECCToolkit/Resource%20Development%20Richard%20Male/Life%20Cycle%20of%20Nonprofit%20Organization%2010.09.pdf on December 11, 2016 Miller, T.L., Grimes, M.G., McMullen, J.S. and Vogus, T.J., 2012. Venturing for others with heart and head: How compassion encourages social entrepreneurship.Academy of management review,37(4), pp.616-640. Reidenbach, R.E. and Robin, D.P., 2013. Some Initial Steps Toward Improving the Measurement of Ethical Evaluations of Marketing Activities. InCitation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 315-328). Springer Netherlands. Santos, F.M., 2012. A positive theory of social entrepreneurship. Journal of business ethics, 111(3), pp.335-351. Shirkova, G. (2009). Organisational life-cycle. The characteristics of development stages in Russian companies created from scratch. Journal For East European Management Studies, 14(1), 65-85.