Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay This was the lesson I learnt from my father, an unceasing learner and a person who would never give up no matter how many and how difficult the obstacles may be. Having understood from him that success is a moving target, the years of my life with my family have inculcated in me a desire to achieve perfection. I propose to read myself starting from childhood to school days to college days to the vestibule of my career. In a few months’ time, I will be completing my B. Pharm prestigious University namely Acharya Nagarjuna University, A.P, India. I am now in the next stage of building my career. I am aware of the influence that the decision will have on my life and I find that I have no hesitation in progressing along a path I had been planning over the last four years. It is my firm conviction that, that one should apply one’s creativity and talent to contribute something original in science and technology. This calls for a specialization in the field of one’s interest. It is in this respect that, I feel undergraduate education is lacking in depth. A graduate education at a reputed university would be invaluable in honing my skills and knowledge, which are very vital for shaping my career. After a careful consideration of my academic background, abilities and career goals, I have decided to pursue my graduate studies in the field of Chemistry. While my graduate study has helped me develop an insight into my intended area of specialization and the ability to relate developments in fundamental concepts to analytical chemistry, it still cannot support my desire for research and design. I therefore strongly believe that a detailed research chemistry from your university will be a step forward in achieving my objective of launching a career in research and designing. My final year project â€Å"Anti-diabetic activity of Passiflora edulis†, was an attempt to identify various chemical constituents present in Passiflora fruit and establishing their activities. The project done offered great insight into Chemistry of Natural Products, Chemical tests and Pharmacological principles. Team spirit and leadership traits were brought to the fore and honed. I was admitted under the merit seat category into Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College. During my undergraduate studies at CIPS , I learnt subjects like Organic Chemistry ,Inorganic Chemistry,Medicinal Chemistry,Chemistry of natural Products, Physical Pharmacy,Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology,Pharmaceutical analysis subjects as a part of my course curriculum. I have a strong desire to learn whatever I can, and self-reliance to face challenges put forth. A master’s degree from your university will be a deciding factor in shaping my future. I’m confident that the technical knowledge that I gain in the United States of America will help me in playing a constructive role in the progress of mankind. Through the brochure, my friends and also by browsing the web, I came to know that WVU is one of the leading and prestigious institutions for research and the curriculum matches my study objectives. It would be an invaluable opportunity for me to work with the renowned faculty at WVU for my graduate study. I assure you that if I am admitted, I shall strive to contribute significantly to live up to your expectations. I hope that my credentials and background rise up to the standards expected and look forward to pursue my graduate studies there. I request you to consider me for admission with full financial assistance to the Department of Chemistry..

The Tyre Industry Sector

The Tyre Industry Sector Tyres and tubes, the strategic rubber products and basic supplements to the automotive vehicles are of most importance to the countrys economy. The tyre industry sector is providing direct employment to over 40,000 people and indirect employment to lakhs of people. This industry sector is now being considered as a core industry sector. The manufacturing of automobile tyres as an essential ancillary for the development of automobile sector came into being in India during the 1930s when the Dunlop India Ltd., the first tyre manufacturing transnational company started its operation in 1935 at Sahaganj in West Bengal. During the early period the overseas tyre manufacturing companies were having major equity participation in the Indian manufacturing companies. After 1970s there was a change in the policy of Government and it decided not to sanction any foreign equity The setting up of joint sector projects with multiple foreign collaboration was considered feasible. At present 11 large companies with 15 factories and 9 medium-scale companies scattered all over India are manufacturing tyres and tubes for automotive vehicles including aero tyres and tyres for defence services. As estimated, their total production during 1987 was 128 lakhs tyres against the total installed capacity of 179.44 lakhs tyres. The interesting feature of the tyre industry in India is that starting from its inception to the present day its progress has been influenced by repeated import of technical collaborations. There is an urgent need to build up indigenous capabilities for tyre technology including the tyre machinery. within view of this, it was opinion desirable to carry out the review of at hand status of this industry and to identify and analyze the critical inputs required for absorption and up gradation of imported technology. The DSIR has introduce a system National Register of Foreign Collaborations Which imagine check and analysis of imported technologies in the country also suggest measures for appropriate choice, acquisition and implementation of foreign know-how. The main objectives of this plan are Undertake financial, economic and legal analysis of set of data on foreign collaborations. Carry out a technology analysis of the imported machinery and provide state of the art machinery in use in the country and status of execution of alliance Provide the basis for National Science strategy wherever possible. In the long run lead to unpack aging of imported technology and in generation of national strength in competitively purchase only certain components of machinery. Coordinate with department of Industry, Commerce and Finance etc. by provided that machinery data input. Facilitate more efficient countrywide contribution with various organizations such as UNCTAD, UNIDO, and ESCAP etc. and in the global switch over of information and co-operation with current developing country the three reports has been ready under National Register of Foreign alliance to review the Tyre Industry in India. 1.6 The In-house RD units in industry are advantageously located to absorb and get improved upon the import machinery. Equipment invention in the Indian tyre industry has witness a fair total of expertise and adaptability to absorb, settle in and adapt worldwide technology to suit Indian conditions. This is reflecting in the swift technology progression from cotton (reinforcement) carcass to high-performance radial tyres in a distance of four decades. Globalization has lead to the concerning of the economy of all the nations and so key Indian company in the tyre industry are pursuing global strategy to improve their competitiveness in global markets. There section mostly undertakes an impression of the Indian tyre industry through an overview of the Indian examination of its expansion trends with respect to manufacture exports and acquisition of technical capability. EVOLUTION OF THE INDUSTRY Phase Period Characteristics Policy Regime 1 1920-35 Negative domestic production. Demand met in the course of imports. Key company included Dunlop, Firestone Goodyear. moderate import 2 1936-60 Home production begins by erstwhile trade companies: Dunlop, Firestone, and Goodyear with India Tyre Rubber Company. Burden of traiff also non traiff barrier on import. 3 1961-74 Indian companies-MRF, most important Incheck- enter modern quarter with foreign technology; license of bonus production capacity. Regulation on capacity expansion and repatriation of profits of distant companies; enforcement of export obligation on MNC; protection from external competition 4 1975 -1991 Entry of large Indian business houses like Singhania Modi technical collaborations with MNCs, introduction of radial tyres, vertical integration and exponential growth in tyre production exports Delicensing of production, placing of imports under OGL with tariff non-tariff barriers 5 1992 onwards Outside trade liberalization decrease in trade in duty; re-entry of MNCs also separately or in teamwork with Indian capital. Progressive reduction in introduce duty; liberalized imports Cars Radial Tyre Bias Tyre Two Wheeler Motor Bike Front Motor Bike Rear Scooter Front Scooter Rear Truck, Buses Farm Service Tractor Rear Tractor Front Fork Industrial Light Commercial Vehicle Radial Tyre Bias Tyre Heavy commercial vehicles insufficient public transport system, especially in the semi-urban and rural area better availability of inexpensive consumer finance in the past 3-4 years; Increase availability of fuel-efficient and low-maintenance models. rising urbanization, which creates a need for personal transportation; change in the demographic profile; climate and road constructions stable increase in per capita earnings over the history five years; and Increasing figure of model with changed kind to satisfy various customers wants. Price: Price, in many cases, is probable to be the most primary determinant of demand since its frequently the initial thing that people think about when decide how much of an item to buy. The vast popular of goods and services obey what economists call the law of demand- that, everyone else being equal, the amount demanded of an thing decrease when the price increase and vice versa. (There are some exceptions to this rule, but they are few and far between) Income targeted people: Different companies target their target customer group according to their income group and thus the total demand is determine according to income group. In tyre product demand derived from the automobile products. So highest demand growth in two wheeler segment compare another segmement. Promotional Scheme Different companies provide different promotional scheme to push-up their sales and attract the customer. In case of some special schemes like the 0% interest and low down payment scheme. Sales of increased by up to 70% of total sales. Sales pattern throughout the year There was consent at the opinion that there is a slump in June, July and August and also during the second half of December. At the time of festivals, especially Dusshera and Diwali or at the time of the marriage season the sales are high. The reason given for slump were In summers, people generally go for summer tours and spend a lot of money so they postpone their purchases. Because of religious reasons (Shraddh) in the month of August. People dont prefer to purchase vehicles during the rainy season. Demographics: It is clear that high population of India has been one of the key reasons for vast volume of automobile industry in India. Factors that may be expanding demand include increasing population and an increasing proportion of young persons in the population that will be more inclined to use and return car. Also, increase in people with lesser dependence on fixed only family income structure is likely to add value to vehicle demand. Price of Fuel Movement in oil prices also have an contact on demand for huge car in India. During period of high fuel cost as skilled in 2007 and first -half of 2008, demand for huge car decline in favour of smaller, more fuel efficient vehicle. The change patterns in customer preference for smaller more fuel capable vehicle led to the launch of Tata Motors Nano one of worlds smallest and cheapest. NAME OF COMPANY MARKET SHARE MRF TYRES 22% APOLLO TYRE 21.7% J K TYRE 20% CEAT 13% KESORAM INDUSTRIES 6% DUNLOP 3% FALCON 2% TCIL 1.5% MODI RUBBER 12.4 GOOD YEAR 7% Remaining 5 % of share by other player. MADRAS RUBBER FACTORY Popularly known as MRF, is a major tyre manufacturing company situated in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, and India. MRF makes all types of tyres from auto to sedan, prejudice to radial and tubes and conveyor belts. It is Indias main tyre manufacturing company and among the dozen major worldwide. It exports to more than 65 countries. MRF is the sister related of the leading malayalam daily Malayala Manorama.The creator of the MRF, Mr.K.M.Mammen Mappilai was the brother of late Mr.K.M.Mathew, ex-chief editor of Malayala Manorama. MRF become the opening Indian company to export tyres to USA the very home of tyre technology. Sales crossed INR two billion. MRF tyres were the first tyres selected for fitment on the Maruti Suzuki 800 Indias first small, modern car. Apollo Tyre Apollo Tyres Ltd is the worlds 15th biggest tyre producer with annual consolidate income of Rs 121.5 billion (US$ 2.5 billion) in 2011. It was found in 1976. Its first plant was specially made in Perambra, Kerala. In 2006 the corporation acquired Dunlop Tyres International of South Africa. The company now has four manufacturing unit in India, two in South Africa, two in Zimbabwe and 1 in Netherlands. It has a system of over 4,000 dealerships in India, of which over 2,500 are select outlets. In South Africa, it has over 900 dealerships, of which 190 are Dunlop Accredited Dealers. It gets 59% of its income from India, 28% from Europe and 13% from Africa. It is planning to become the 10th biggest tyre manufacturer in the global with annual revenues of $6 billion by 2016. Ceat Tyre On top of the road since 1958, CEAT has run up to be one of the best tyre manufacturers in the industry. CEAT not only make trailblazing tyres, but also marketplace tubes and flaps. And thats not all. At CEAT represent our selling tough yet even secure yet set to look at the undaunted. CEAT are young and revving to go; with an old age that come with years of market turnout More than 3500 Cr yearly return and signal list of customers and OEMs, a diversity of award and license are info so as to could talk for Company but CEAT rather burn the road with our show. CEAT think that tyres are not just accessories they are the force that moves your aspirations. in means of us you get to choose from a broad variety of tyres that costume your wants and vehicle kind (Not to mention, radials are racers in the global market might is one of the mainly significant quality of goods which complement solid foundation as a part of RPG enterprise Company commitment to quality ensures that you have a safe ride, always. So go on, defy destiny. J.K Tyre J.K. Tyre has been at the forefront of the radial revolution in India. Since inception, J.K Tyre has been frequently release high excellence technology products, which have withstand the examination of time. It is our beliefs to incessantly expect and appreciate the customer needs convert them into presentation principles for our goods and military and meet these standards every time. The Goodyear Tire Rubber Company Goodyears attendance in India is over 89 years old, with two plants, one each in Ballabgarh and Aurangabad. In the passenger car section Goodyear India provisions tyres to a lot of of the chief Original tools Manufacturers. Goodyear India has also been a lead the way in introduces tubeless radial tyres in this section. In the ranch segment in India, Goodyear tyres are supplied to all the main tractor companies. In 2010/11, Goodyear India was awarded the Super brand status. Industry has one of the largest distribution networks in India. It has divided the Indian sub continent into various regions and has set up a Regional Office for each region. By individual company. Clearing and forwarding agents (CFAs) are attached to them. Often the larger regions have 2 or3 or more CFAs to cover the region properly. The total number of CFAs across the country is 1102. Factory DDC RDC CFA DEALER Industry has three level distribution structures. The factory supplies goods to the RDCs (Regional Distribution Centres) and from these RDCs the goods are transferred to CFAs (Carrying and Forwarding Agents.) Which act as godowns for distribution to the dealers there is only one DDC RDCs are the mother godowns for storage of goods. The tyres, tubes and flaps are transported to these from factories. The set is formed at RDCs and strapped. The tube is inflated before transportation to RDCs. The Dispatch challans are issued to the transporters. In some cases, the RDCs are required to supply the goods directly to the dealers and invoice them in the required format. Ceat has recently shifted from the DDC structure wherein it had 7 DDCs to the RDC structure, however this structure is proving inefficient from the operating cost point of view. The inventory cost has shot up and availability has suffered. The amount of safety stock in the system has also gone up. Hence Ceat is about to shift back to the DDC structure over a one year period. CFAs are the smaller godowns which pull the goods from the RDCs. They transfer the goods to the dealers and an invoice needs to be generated. The CFAs pull the goods from RDCs according to demand. These CFAs distribute the goods to th e dealers Tubes and flaps sourcing units Tyre sourcing unit Factory RDC RDC CFA CFA CFA CFA DEALER DEALER DEALER Key Issues of Industry High tax usage The high tax content on tyres can be gauged from the fact that the proportion of total tax to the tax disqualified price for various category of tyres is 44% for Truck Tyre; 41% for Passenger Car Radial Tyre, 35% for Tractor Rear Tyre and 76% for Truck Tyre Tube. Radialization in the Commercial Vehicle Segment Indian Tyre Industry hitherto is predominantly a cross ply/bias tyre manufacturing industry, particularly in the commercial vehicle segment (truck, bus, LCV) whereas in the developed countries Radialization level is much higher. In comparison to normal (Bias) tyres, Radial tyres offer higher life/mileage, lower fuel consumption, improved safety and ride quality and several other benefits. However, the initial cost of a radial tyre is approx. 25% higher though on a cost per kilometre (CPK) basis, radial tyre gives higher benefits Embossing of Maximum Price (MRP) on Truck/Bus Tyres In February, 1988, as per a directive of the Ministry of Industry, Embossing of MRP on truck and bus tyres was started. This was based on the recommendations of the Committee on Tyre Industry (1984, known as Satyapal Committee). In the last over 15 years, the economic scenario has undergone a sea change with liberalization, removal Major raw-materials of tyre industry (Natural Rubber and of controls and free global trade in most items. Tyre Industry is also delicensed. Petroleum based materials) undergo wide fluctuations in prices. In such a dynamic scenario, it is a not practical to emboss the price on tyres due to market dynamics Used Tyre Developed and industrialized countries are facing a monumental problem in disposal of used tyres. Hence, developing and high tyre consumption countries like India are being looked upon as a dumping ground for used tyres several countries have banned or imposed severe restriction on price. (For assessment of Customs Duty) in 1997. Till recently, floor price mechanism was effective in restricting imports. Import of used tyres. In India, Government introduced .floor However; of late the volume of used tyre imports (in circumvention) of the floor price has increased significantly. Automotive Industry Standards (Ais) All large tyre companies had voluntarily taken BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) certification. In addition, Government has proposed Automotive Industry Standards AIS) which are essentially. Safety standards. And applicable to tyre industry also. Government support for promoting Made in India. Brand for Tyres Indian tyre industry is facing intense competition from China and other South East Asian countries in tyre exports to other Though the quality of Indian tyres is better and has wider acceptance, due to cheaper pricing, higher volumes and aided by Government support and subsidies, Chinese tyres are cutting into the share of Indian tyre exports. There is a need to promote India Brand for tyres as one which spells quality and higher standards. Countries There are a need to promote India Brand for tyres as one which spells quality and higher standards. Trends of Industry Emergence of tubeless tyre market There is no tube in a tubeless tyre. The tyre and the rim of the helm form a sealed box to seal the air as the tubeless tyre has an inner lining of resistant halo butyl. The valve is straight mounted on the rim. If a tubeless tyre gets puncture air escape only during the hole created by the nail, thus charitable substantial time between a stab and a flat tyre. Players focusing on radial tyres By means of only radial cords, a radial tire would not be sufficiently rigid at the contact by means of the ground. To put in extra stiffness, the entire tire is bordered by extra belts so as to be orient closer to the way of travel, other than typically at some spiral angle. These belts can be made of steel (therefore the term steel-belted radial), Polyester, or Aramid fibers such as Twaron and Kevlar. In this way, squat radial tires break up the tire carcass into two separate systems: The radial cords in the sidewall allow it to act like a spring, giving flexibility and ride comfort. The rigid steel belts reinforce the tread region, connote far above the ground mileage and performance. Every system can then be individually optimized for best performance Re-treading of tyres One more area of worry for the tyre manufacturers are the rising retreading, where the worn out trample of the aged tyre is replace with a new tread. Retreading expenses regarding 20% of a novel tyre and is so accomplishment hold of popularity, mostly in Southern part of the country. Elgi Tyres and Tread Ltd are the two major ret readers in India. Meaning of such retreaters can be gauged by the detail that about 85% of the tyre demand is for replacement. The PEST analysis is a helpful tool for sympathetic marketplace growth or decline, and as such the spot potential and route for a business. PEST is an acronym for following Economic, Social and Technological factors. Tyre industry in India is growing strongly and their manufacture rising from every year. In 2012 there were 40 tyre manufacturing companies working in India which be consisted of key life-size brands in tyre industry such as Good year, MRF, Falcon Tires and Bridge stones etc. tell pest analysis on this market to check at what extent political, economical, technical and social factors are moving this tyre industry in India. Political Factors Were supporting Indian tire industry as Indian Government especially reduces its taxes on basic inputs to endorse the industry. Tax and duties on the import and export of tires were set less so that cheaper tires and material could be imported and good quality tires can be exported. Tire made in India were mostly exported to other budding countries such as Latin America, South-East Asia, Middle East and the Africa. The economy of was promising and the total construction of vehicles more than double between 2000 and 2012 so it had a good quality potential for the industry. Basically in 1926, the first tire was made by a British company Dunlop, and followers of Dunlop were other three foreign companies: The Americans Firestone, Good Year and Italian Ceat, but latter on Indian Social Factors Presently, small families are demanding for 2/4 wheelers for individuals. The sales of tyres have gained more in past decade. From upper class families with more than 1 car per family observed to be increasing demand of tyres exponentially, mainly in cities where Woking couples find difficult to maintain them without more than 1 car. As we know that Indian middle class families are known for its savings frenzy has now been slowly warming up to an idea of EMI and buying on credit. Due to these factors, there is an enormous demand in passenger cars. Technological Factor Technology creation in the Indian tyre industry is in effect geared to expansion research, connecting the adjust of tread design, back up material etc. on the whole of the key players do not employ in basic explore due to the elevated expenses involved. The base of information for the home firm has been during reverse engineering, combined ventures and collaboration. The stress given by Indian tyre companies to applied research and the setting up of well-equipped in-house RD centre by the companies, which are manned by in technology up stage Indian tyre technology has exhibit flexibility in maintain inflow of technology in the course of foreign collaboration and couture the same to Indian wants RD is basically trade or market driven. But basic inputs suppliers could also help in conceive new projects. Mix growth and in-process trouble have be the main shove of in-house RD in the Indian tyre industry. The Indian Tyre industry is likely to show a healthy escalation rate of 9-10% over the next five years, according to a study by Credit Analysis and Research Limited While the truck and bus tyres are set to index a compounded yearly growth rate (CAGR) of 8%, the beam business vehicles (LCV) part is normal to explain a CAGR of with reference to 14 %. Though we have to also take account of the outcome of the global depression on top of the sector in construction these assessments. The enlargement of the division is powerfully linked to the expansion plans of the automobile companies; the governments thrust on development of road infrastructure and the sourcing of auto parts by the global Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Some major hurdles en route for attaining these projected development rates could be basic inputs connected price uncertainty rupee joy and the hostile threat of cheap Chinese imports. The Indian tyre companies need to make lively attention to detail to discover newer market as the alive market for bus-truck tyres, which account for about 45 % of the total export volume, is nearing saturation. To hand is also a critical must to increase the degree of Radialization in order to protect their share in the export market. Worldwide tyre manufacturers have been making stable efforts to innovate and offer a diverse range of products such as tyres with pressure alert systems, jog flat tyres, natural tyres and force able tyres. In this context, the Indian home companies have to follow a enlargement strategy of hysterically novelty and rising importance on produce separation. The Industry Growing At 8 To 9% by the (YOY). Their Market Leaders Adopted a Latest Technology in Manufacturing of Tyre Proudcts.and government also step taken reduced import and encourage domestic player and small scale industry to take part in growth story. Basis of Elecon is providing best quality to customers. Due to constant start work on quality, better concentration on the material usage and proper prices the Elecon could improve its performance. As per my knowledge tyre industry running successfully in india.industry demand is mostly base on automobile products. The major factors moving the demand for tyres include the level of developed activity, availability and cost of praise transport volumes. the new boom in the tyre industry due to skill and technology sector has coupled continuous thrust of government on infrastructure projects is expected to sustain healthy growth of commodities insist roughly all company have announce extensive boost in capability which effect in to boost in earnings of industry In the increase in the tax rates, transportation charges, railway freight, road constrictions patterns ,increase basic input prices (rubber) is worry for the industry.

Toni Morrison Post Colonial Feminism

Toni Morrison Post Colonial Feminism The author is of the view that third wave feminism which includes black feminism is a speaking back to the white Westerns. The African American writers by writing back to the ideologies set by the colonizers did well in their works of fiction. Toni Morrison, an African American novelist in her novels did a wonderful job of writing back. The present author defined first of all the ideas of culture and imperialism discussing the conceopt of Edward Said, Homi K. Bhabha and many other intellectuals who strove hard to produce marvelous works of criticism in which they pointed out the ideologies structured by the West. Gayatri Spiviks Subalterns study is also discussed. and applied to Morrisons selected works of literature. The author pointed a few key point of postcolonial feminism and tried to show them in Toni Morrisons novels in order to prove his agenda that Morrison is a really a leading figure whose works show Feminist Postcolonial Approach. Fore Word -A Writing back by an Afrcian child I want to begin my paper with a poem which was written by an African child, and was nominated for the Best Poem of 2008. The title of the poem is Color which is a speak back attitude to the white: When I born, I black; When I grow up, I black; When I go in sun, I black; When I scared, I black; When I sick, I black; And when I die, I black; And you white fellows; When you born, you pink, When you grow up, you white, When you go in sun, you red, When you cold, you blue; When you scared, you yellow; When you sick, you green; When you die, you grey; And you call me coloured. Chapter One: Introduction The present paper is an analysis of colonialism, imperialism, feminism, and postcolonial feminism. Postcolonial feminism is also called as Third World Feminism or Black Feminism. The author first of all explains the idea of colonialism according to the Professor Edward Said that he discussed in his work Colonialism and Imperialism in which Said defines the colonialism and imperialism. Said gives in detail the ideology of the West how they structured the binaries oppositions and gave the concept of Orientalism by suggesting the idea of educating the others. Homi K. Bhabha gives the concept of hybridity and Gayatari Spivik s famous work of Subaltern can speak are discussed in the following research paper. The author also explained the key points of postcolonial feminism in this paper and then with the reference of different writers discussed Toni Morrisons novels in the light of these salient features of postcolonial feminism. First of all the author analyzed Toni Morrisons novel The Bluest Eyes and showed the elements of postcolonial feminism race, gender , and identity in this novel. The author is of the view that Pecolas wish to have Blue eyes is an escape from racism and to wipe out all ugliness not only from her community but from all the world. The next novel that is analyzed is Sula in which again the author tried to show the salient features of postcolonial feminism that is to speak back or showing the importance of female characters in the form of Sula and other female characters. The author from the original text proved that the white folk in fact brought all the blackness. The third novel which is discussed with reference to the postcolonial feminism is The Beloved, in which the key concept of postcolonial feminism is discussed is mother-daughter relationship and idea of mothering which is discussed with the reference of Morrisons theory of Mothering taken from her interviews is discussed. Finally the author concludes the paper in which he gives his finding about Toni Morrison and her novels that her works are true representative of postcolonial feminism. Chapter Two: Colonialism and Postcolonial Explained PROFESSOR SAID says that his aim is to set works of art of the imperialist and post-colonial eras into their historical context. My method is to focus as much as possible on individual works, to read them first as great products of the creative and interpretive imagination, and then to show them as part of the relationship between  culture  and empire.(Said, 22) If we observe the basic theory behind the postcolonial feminism we will come to the point that this theory itself is supported by the theories of psychoanalysis, Marxist-feminism and post-colonialism. In this paper I am going to trace out the Feminist Postcolonial Approach in Toni Morrisons novels. The author is of the view that Toni Morrison being an African American writer focused her work on the above mentioned approach. Before we progress it is necessary to go through the main idea and the main points which are the backbone of the postcolonial feminist approach and before that we have to discuss in detail the features of colonialism, post-colonialism and feminism. If we try to find out the roots of Postcolonialism we will come to the point that postcolonialism is specially a postmodern intellectual discourse consisting reactions to and analysis of cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism. In anthropology it can be defined as the relations between nations and areas being colonized and ruled. It comprises a set of theories that are found amongst history, anthropology, philosophy, linguistics, film, political science, architecture, human geography, sociology, Marxist theory, feminism, religious and theological studies, and literature. To destabilizing Western ways of thinking in order to create space for the subaltern, or marginalized groups, to express and produce substitutes to overriding discourse is the critical nature of postcolonial theory. Often postcolonialism as a term is taken to mean just a time span after colonialism. This thing creates a problem because the once colonized world is full of contradictions, of half-finished processes, of confusions, of hybridity, and liminal ties. In order words, it is suggested that the word postcolonialism has plural nature as it does not simply refer to the period after the colonial ear. The goal of a theorist is to find out the residual effects of colonialism on cultures and hence the main objectives of such theorists are to account for and combating these effects on the cultures. It does not simply mean to find out the historic aspects of these areas but it also comprises how these areas can move beyond this period together, towards a place of reciprocal respect. The main objective of these theorist is make clearing space for the multiple voices of these areas and these were the voices which were previously silenced by the dominant ideologies-subalterns and among these discourses as is recognized this space should be cleared within the academia. In his book Orientalism, Edward Said explained very clearly that scholars who studied what used to be called the Orient (mostly Asia) totally overlooked the assessments of those they actually studied while preferring instead to rely on the intellectual superiority of themselves and their peers which was the approach forged by the European imperialism. It is recognized by many of the post-colonial thinkers that there are many assumptions which are underlying the logic of colonialism and these are the forces which are active today. This is also argued by many of the thinkers that studying both the knowledge sets of the dominant groups and those who are marginalized as binary opposites maintains their presence as homogenous objects. Homi K. Bhabha thus emphasized his agenda that only hybridity can offer the most profound challenge to colonialism. He thinks that the postcolonial world should valorize spaces of mingling; spaces where fact and legitimacy move aside for ambiguity. (Bhabha, 1994). What is left by Bhabha is offered by Spivaks as the agenda of usefulness of essentialism. Chapter Three: African American Studies and Postcolonialism A Need To Talk Back Colonial racism is no different from any other racism. says   Frantz Fanon and if we compare African American Studies and postcolonial studies we will come to know that though they belong to different fields but they share a lot concerning a goal of destabilizing racial hierarchies and debates concerning the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized is exactly the same as that of between masters and slaves in a bondage. Even within the United States and other area which are known as postcolonies we find the current reality of discrimination and racism towards minorities or populations of minority joins these two studies together through neocolonialism. Precarious of current American educational policy, a prominent black feminist Bell Hooks states, I believe that black experience has been and continues to be one of internal colonialism (148). The necessity to decolonize the attitude of present-day America fuels existing efforts in regaining and convalescing minority history and literature. Hazel Carby in her Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of Afro-American Woman Novelist points New sociological and literary approaches to history become beneficial methods for reclaiming the past and imitating culturally sensitive paradigms for the futureCritics like Henry Louis Gates, Barbara Christian, Ella Shohat and Homi K. Bhabha are associated through a need to talk back. Another key question in postcolonial feminism is who speaks for whom and whose voices are heard in discussions of Third World womens issues. The lack of voice given to Third World women remains a problem as does the failure of Western women to problematise the role of the West in the issues discussed. The question of voice was raised by Gayatri Spivak in her influential essay Can the Subaltern Speak? (1988) in which she analyses the relations between the discourses of the West and the possibility of speaking of (or for) the subaltern woman (Spivak : 271). Race and Multiculturalism in Academia: Writing Back Toni Morrison, Marlene van Niekerk, and Anthony Appiah are considered to be the Pen World voices in the PEN WORLD VOICES FESTIVAL 2010. The issues such as representation, nationalism and essentialism are fleshed out from African American Studies and Postcolonial studies and hence literature and literary theory under the core of these disciplines become sources of for such social commentary. Nation-making and redefinition of nation, along-with the obscuring between public and secluded spaces are among common subjects, critics in both fields are fast to point to the hazards of hurriedly discharging this literary work as political. Gates writes of a need to dissipate the myth of supposed primacy of Western tradition over the so-called non-canonical tradition such as that of the Afro-American. Especially cognizant of the dangers of essentialism in his book The Signifying Monkey, Gates studies the need to create a new narrative space for representing the recurring referent of Afro-American literature, the so-called Black Emperience( Gates ,111). Similarly, critical of essentialism , Homi Bhabha, a projecting Cultural Studies and Postcolonial critic, connects the two fields together as he remarks: The intervention of postcolonial or black critique is aimed at transforming the conditions of enunciation at the level of the signà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦not simply setting up new symbols of identity, new positive images that fuel an unreflective identity politics'(Bhabha, 247) Bhabha and Toni Morrison Bhabha even conducts a detail reading of Toni Morrisons Beloved in the introduction of The Location of Culture. Scholarship does indeed overlay in stimulating ways between these two fields. Much in the same way Toni Morrisons Playing in the Dark examines and counts the ways in which white selfhood in literary America is further established by actualizing black occurrence. Edward Saids Orientalism seek to show that European culture gained in strength and identity by setting itself off against the Orient as a sort of surrogate and even underground self(Said,3) Gender The juncture of race, ethnicity and gender politics has shaped challenging debates in the works of Bell Hooks, Barbara Christian, and Shirley Anne Williams as well as in the work of Gayatri Spivak and Chandra T. Mohanty. Patriarchy often becomes a symbol, a trope of power inequity and the offender for the ills of colonialism and neocolonialism. Bell Hooks states in Outlaw Culture, For contemporary critics to condemn the imperialism of the white colonizer without critiquing partriarchy is a tactic that seeks to minimize the particular ways gender determines the specific forms oppressions may take within a specific group(Hooks, 203) There is also a risk of totalizing along with this intersection. Barbara Christian in Race for Theory that attentions against essentialist constructions of black womanhood, equates the dangers of an excessively rigid black feminism to the colossal, monotheistic Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and 70s. Chardra Mohantly needs against the same essentializing exercise in the growing discourse on Third World feminism. Negotiations of class are similarly called for in both fields of study. Remarkably, Hooks remarks upon what she sees as an ignored problem in cross-cultural feminist discussion in Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. She states, We often forget that many Third World nationals bring to this country the same kind of contempt and disrespect for blackness that is most frequently associated with white imperialism. (Hooks, 93) Chapter Four: Postcolonial Feminism and Black feminism Postcolonial Feminism is also called as Third World Feminism which is a form of feminist philosophy and is concerned about the idea that colonialism, racism and long lasting effects of colonialism in the postcolonial settings, are bound up with the unique gendered realities of non-white and non-Western women. Postcolonialism criticizes Western feminists as they have a history of universalizing womens issues, and their discourses are often misunderstood to represent women world-widely. Black Feminism  argues that sexism, class oppression, and racism  are inextricably bound together.  The way these relate to each other is called intersectionality. Forms of feminism that strive to overcome sexism and  class  oppression but ignore race can discriminate against many people, including women, through racial bias. The Combahee River Collective  argued in 1974 that the liberation of black women entails freedom for all people, since it would require the end of racism, sexism, and class oppression.(Wikipedia) Postcolonialism gives the idea that the term woman is used as a universal group and that they are only described by their gender and not by social classes and ethnic identities. It is also believed that the mainstream Western feminists ignored the voices of non-white, non-western women for many years, thus creating resentment feminists in developing nations. Postcolonialism involves the descriptions of many experiences endured during colonialism which include migration, resistance, slavery, difference, gender, race, place, representation, suppression, and responses to the influential discourses of imperial Europe. Postcolonial feminists observe the parallels between recently decolonized nations and the state of women within patriarchy-both take the perspective of a socially marginalized subgroup in their relationship to the dominant culture. Postcolonial feminist have had strong ties with black feminists because colonialism usually contains themes of racism. Both groups have struggled for recognition, not only by me in their own culture, but also by Western.(Wikipedia). Thus it can be said that Postcolonialism discusses the issues of the women of those areas which were once the colonies of the West and it lumps up together all the women of the world. Feminism raises this agenda that all the women of the world have their own special identity and they should be regarded as independent personality apart from their sex and sexuality but postcolonial feminist also see that the fate of non-white and non-western women is different from the women of the west as theses non-white and non-western women are not enjoying the rights as the women of mainstream are enjoying . Postcolonial feminist approach gives rights of raising their voices which were once silenced by the colonizers. It can be inferred that as women were doubly colonized in the era of colonization by their own male members of the society, and these non-white and non-western women were thrice colonized as they were considered less than the white women.(Web) Chapter Five: Postcolonial Feminist Approach in Toni Morrisons Novels Larry Schwartz in his essay compares Toni Morrisons art of writing with William Faulkners art of writing although in her interview Toni Morrison claimed that she is not like Faulkner but the deep study of her novels prove this fact. Toni Morrison being an African American writer is considered to be one of the renowned postcolonial feminist writers who touched the very idea of raising voice of repressed group of the black women. Her novels Beloved  is considered by many to be her most impressive work of literature to date (winning the Pulitzer Prize in 1988), she has also written many award-winning novels including  The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon, Jazz, Tar Baby,  and  Paradise. Like  Beloved, most of Morrisons work deals with the struggles of African Americans, especially women (web). The Bluest Eye (1970) Toni Morrison in her novel The Bluest Eye highlights the idea of racism. In the colonial period the legacies of colonialism were consistently bound with racism. In this novel Morrison very clearly depicts the effects of the legacy of 19th century classical racism for poor black people in the United States. In the novel the daughter of a poor black family, Pecola Breddlove, internalizes white standards of beauty to the extent that she become crazy about it and bore a wish to have blue eyes. The idea is very clear that binary oppositions structured by the Western White class concerning the beauty and ugliness are still at work. Even today we people think to be white is the standard of beauty. In the binary oppositions like man/woman, white/back, Occidental/Oriental, Rich/poor and such like those all the elements on the left of the bar are considered to be the supreme while the elements on the right are marginalized or rendered as Others. Pecola is seen so influenced by these binaries that she tries to escape from this so called or structured ugliness of her own society or race of colour. Her ardent wish for blue eyes comes to stand for her wish to escape the racist, unloving, poor environment in which she lives. For a long time mainstream white Western feminism paid negligible attention to the problem of race. Racism was considered secondary to patriarchy and had been one of the biggest problems of the non-white women. Many white women were of the claim that they did not see dissimilarity or to act upon it. It took a long, hard scuffle by black women to have racism included on the feminist agenda. One of the most moving and influential critiques of white satisfaction came in 1980 from the radical black lesbian feminist Audre Lorde: By and large within the womens movement today, white women focus upon their oppression as women and ignore difference of race, sexual preference, class and age. There is a pretense to a homogeneity of experience covered by the word sisterhood that does not in fact exist(Lorde, 116) Morrison in the novel tries to explain why Pacola wanted to have blue eyes, let us see the following lines which are taken from Chapter  3  of the Autumn section: It had occurred to Pecola some time ago that if her eyes, those eyes that held the pictures, and knew the sights-if those eyes of hers were different, that is to say, beautiful, she herself would be different Here the narrator tells about Pecola not only wanted to have blue eyes to look beautiful but in fact it was her thinking that with blue eyes everything will also change. These blue eye speak about her wish to have liberty not from ugliness of blackness but the ugliness of the dark thoughts and her desires to bring in a change in her black society. Toni Morrison is of the view that beauty and ugliness are the matters of seeing and to be seen and both are linked with eyes. It is a famous saying : When you look with loving eyes all the world looks lovely. The same idea is discussed in The Bluest Eyes where Pecola wants to look everything beautiful and to be looked beautifully. Her own community that was colonized are not colonizing Pecola due to her blackness though her internal portion was not black as she totally internalized whiteness. The idea is also seen in the Heart of Darkness where the symbols of black and white colours depict Conrads point of inward blackness and whiteness. Morrison uses the same technique by showing Pecolas internalizing whiteness. Here it is also clear that solid propensity of white women to disrespect racism was an effect of white privilege- a point women of colour were forced to make repeatedly: As Third World women we clearly have a different relationship to racism than white women, but all of us are born into an environment where racism exists. Racism affects all of our lives, but it is only white women who can afford to remain oblivious to these effects. The rest of us have had it breathing or bleeding down our necks. (Moraga and Anzaldà ºa 1981: 62) There is another key factor of postcolonial feminism in the novel as Pecola is raped by her own father who did all this in the result of that humiliation that he suffered when he was having sex first time and was humiliated by two white men. Thus patriarchy is seen in this violence which is done to Pecola as she is colonized by her own father. Pecolas rape is the depiction of destruction of cultural identity of the Black community. Similarly, the seeds of marigold which did not bloom is also a depiction of colonization as their own soil did not permit those seeds to bloom as was commented by Claudia, Frieda and hence Pecola which is also a proof of ineligibility of their own black community. Pecola is a hope of decolonization as she wanted to be heard, to be seen beautiful and her illegitimate progeny is a symbol of her wish which was not allowed to be born. Toni Morrison here wants to depict that Black society was week at that as they did not allow Pecola to flourish and this thing compares the novel with Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart where Okonko was not supported by his own clan. All what is done with Pecola is true picture of Black feminism. Sula (1974) In the present novel the female characters are the embodiments of the matriarchal authoritative of women. The novel depicts the social problems that were and are present in the society. Morrison tries to depict that these female characters attenuate the male characters. Eva, Helene, Hannah and Sula all represent such figures which are the driving forces which precede the plot of the novel. Morrison wants to show that all the members of the society are the important ingredients who add flavor to the society. All the female characters are made central in the novel hence this novel proves to be a pure example of novels of postcolonial feminist novel. According to the post colonial theory the female part must speak back to the so called norms which are carved out by the males. The novel gives an exact example of subaltern can speak as the main character Sula is the symbol of such a person who being a female has power to chose her own way of living as she went away and comes back and proves herself such a person which is needed by the society. The novel shows that all the female characters of the novel are so important part of the Black community and their existence is necessary for bonding the society together. Sula also maintains the interdependence and closeness of the society with its members. Sula will open your eyes to social problems which exist in the present day. The women in the book such as Eva, Helene, Sula and Hannah represent the matriarchal authoritative women, weakening the male characters. Women drive the action in the story and give their importance in the family. They present their importance in the Black community and their existence in bonding it together. Morrison also shows in the novel the dying of blackness when Sula says: You think I dont know what your life is like just because I aint living it? I know what every colored woman in this country is doing. Whats that? Dying., Just like me. But the difference is they dying like a stump. Me, Im going down like one of those redwoods. I sure did live in this world.'(143) These words spoken by Sula on her deathbed which she expressed to Nes her thoughts concerning her thoughts about the life styles that was accepted and the positions of women in Medallion. The line speaks dying old system.   Sula also establishes the closeness and interdependence of the community with its members. The novels shows that each and every member is just like a spice that gives special flavor and odour to the community and which is essential for the society. In Sula all the characters including Shadrack and the Deweys give every individual importance in the community. Thus Sula proves to be full of such evidences which proves that there are elements of third world feminism in the novel as Suals actions are the alternates of her voices which were silenced before. Chris Weedon in her article Key Issues in Postcolonial Feminism: A Western Perspective writes that: in 1984 Black American feminist Barbara Smith spoke of being part of a Third World feminist movement: And not only am I talking about my sisters here in the United States-American Indian, Latina, Asian American, Arab American-I am also talking about women all over the globethird World Feminism has enriched not just the women it apples to, but also political practice in general'(Smith:27). Thus the Third World Feminism is giving all the women especially the Black ones power and confidence to speak and now they are not silenced as were before.(Weedon). The Beloved (1987) The depiction of Morrisons theory of African American mothering articulate in her novels, essays and interviews Mothering is considered to be one of several key points of ideas of postcolonial feminism which is highlight in the present novel The Beloved. The novels is set after the  American Civil War  (1861-1865), it is inspired by the story of an African-American  slave,  Margaret Garner, who temporarily escaped slavery during 1856 in Kentucky by fleeing to Ohio, a  free state. A posse arrived to retrieve her and her children under the  Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which gave slave owners the right to pursue slaves across state borders. Margaret killed her two-year-old daughter rather than allow her to be recaptured. (Wikipedia). In the novel Sethe in an attempt to save her children from slavery slaughters her eldest daughter and it is assumed in the novel that her daughter return as a ghost named Beloved because the same word was inscribed on the head stone of her grave. The novel depict the mother daughter relationship which is the one of the central key points of postcolonial feminism. The maternal bonds between Sethe and her children inhibit her own individuation and prevent the development of her self. Sethe develops a dangerous maternal passion that results in the murder of one daughter, her own best self, and the estrangement of the surviving daughter from the black community, both in an attempt to salvage her fantasy of the future, her children, from a life in slavery. However, Sethe fails to recognize her daughter Denvers need for interaction with this community in order to enter into womanhood. Denver finally succeeds at the end of the novel in establishing her own self and embarking on her individuation with the help of Beloved. Contrary to Denver, Sethe only becomes individuated after Beloveds exorcism, at which point Sethe can fully accept the first relationship that is completely for her, her relationship with Paul D. This relationship relieves Sethe from the ensuing destruction of herself that resulted from the maternal bonds controlling her life.( Deme trakopoulos, pp. 51-59) Motherhood , in Morrisons view, is fundamentally and profoundly an act of resistance, essential and integral to black womens fight against racism and sexism and their ability to achieve well-being for themselves and their culture. The power of motherhood and the empowerment of mothering are what make possible the better world we seek for ourselves and for our children. This, argues OReilly, is Morrisons maternal theory-a politics of the heart.(OReilly) In spite of the mothering, the novel also depicts the theme of slavery and its havoc which is seen as destruction of identity. It also shows the importance of language and community solidarity. Toni Morrison also depicts the blackness hidden under the white skins of the White people which is evident from the following line taken from Chapter 19, at the beginning of Part II,   White people believed that whatever the manners, under every dark skin was a jungle. Swift unnavigable waters, swinging screaming baboons, sleeping snakes, red gums ready for their sweet white blood. In a way . . . they were right. . . . But it wasnt the jungle blacks brought with them to this place. . . . It was the jungle whitefolks planted in them. And it grew. It spread . . . until it invaded the whites who had made it. . . . Made them bloody, silly, worse than even they wanted to be, so scared were they of the jungle they had made. The screaming baboon lived under their own white skin; the red gums were their own. Stamp Paid here consider the ways in which slavery in fact corrupts the identity and he it was the jungle whitefolk planted in them. And it grew and spread. The idea is very clear as is evident in Heart of Darkness where Joseph Conrad tried to say the same thing that the white were black from within and the same idea we find in Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare where Portias picture was in Lead, a black material, and in Othelo , Iago was white from without and was black from within. Here Morrison tells the same thing that only white fellows were in fact black from within. It is an apt writing back to the White colonizers which is a salient feature of postcolonial feminist writing. Conclusion: It is evident from the above going discussion that Toni Morrisons works are based on the postcolonial feminism in which she very skillfully highlighted the idea of gender, race, sex and identity and similarly she also highlights the concepts of talking back and making a space among white feminism. As the mainstream white feminism at first could not give proper position to non-white and non-Western women , black feminism became able to raise their voice and were able to even write back and hence succeeded in making their own identity. Toni Morrison hence secures a very apt position among the postcolonial feminist who helped these thrice colonized black women to stand up for making their own identity. The above mentioned three novels also show the death of the protagonist. The death in also a theme of Toni Morrisons novels which is also meaningful as the slavery is the destruction of identity which is depicted by death of the characters. The above discussed novels cover show many key points of postcolonial feminism.

Time Devices :: essays research papers

Definition of "'Time"': Term used to describe how long it takes to an event to occur. Time is used to classify events to "Events that happened" and "Events that will happen". It seems that time passes in the same pattern, and that time is equal to all but the "Theory of Relativity" proves otherwise. "Time is a relative thing" according to Einstein, which came out with the theory of Relativity. History of time: Records of time keeping are found 25,000 years ago, but of course, they weren't as accurate as now a days. Man used nature to indicate time e.g. Full Moons. It is widely suggested today that time was kept in a "Calendar"' way. This means that they divided the time into big units and could only tell the time in specific occasions. e.g. a normal person, 20,000 years ago couldn't tell his partner the time at any given period. He had to wait that the moon would go full, or the sun will dawn, or by looking at the stars, etc. They almost couldn't describe when in the future, a thing is to happen. They would say something like "In 2 full moons and a high sun we'll go hunting". He couldn't tell exactly in how many hours or minutes things will happen because as I said before Nature was his time keeper + The term "Seconds", "'Minutes, "Hours", etc, didn't exist back then. As mankind evolved, better ways to keep track of time were found. Man invented more and more devices as he evolved, and some of these devices are listed in the next section: Clocks: A time device used to keep track of the passing time. A clock must have 2 basic components: 1. Power Source 2. A "Release Power" source. Up till the beginning of the 1800's, sun clocks were the leading time devices worldwide. During the 14th century, the Italian Donadi family were the first to draw numbers on those sun clocks. The invention of the spring for clocks during the 16th century and the pendulum in 1671 were the first steps toward the replacement of the sun clocks with mechanical clocks. The hand clock (watch) was invented by A French Company named Berege back at 1810. During the 1800's a drastic advancement has occurred in mechanical clocks with the invention of the naval time keeper which is used up till today by sailors to find their position in an area.

The Wanderer: Life in a Transient World Essay -- Poem Poetry Wanderer

The Wanderer: Life in a Transient World Upon their invasion of England, the Anglo-Saxons carried with them a tradition of oral poetry. The surviving verse, which was frequently transcribed and preserved in monasteries makes up the body of work now referred to as Old English Poetry. "The Wanderer," an anonymous poem of the eighth or ninth century, reflects historical Anglo-Saxon life as well as the influence of Christianity during the period. Because both Christian and Anglo-Saxon heroic elements exist in "The Wanderer," there is cause for analysis of the structural and textual unity of the poem. Initially, it might appear that these elements are introduced to contrast one another in an attempt to show inconsistency by contrasting secular and religious passages in order to show incoherence between the two as guiding principles. But further textual analysis shows that these inconsistencies do not exist. The purpose of positioning the two side by side is to illustrate a contrast in theme between the passing of this world and the changelessness and security of the heavenly kingdom. The text of "The Wanderer" is structured to encompass two separate time periods, which implicitly reveals the contrasting themes. The first part of the work describes the experiences of a lonely warrior who has lost his lord and kin to battle. But the author is reflecting upon these experiences as they occurred in the past. The position that the Wanderer had taken up is summarized early in the poem in the third person: "So spoke the earth-walker, remembering hardships, fierce war-slaughters-the fall of dear kinsman" (69). This reference to an exile wanderer summarizes his own situation, which he develops in the following passages. Structurally, t... ...70). Further, he acknowledges that these things are meant to pass as all things do as he approaches the ultimate reality of the earthly world, "all this earthly habitation shall be emptied" (70). No comfort is to be found in a world were all things will come to an end as one progresses through a fleeting life. The purpose of displaying earthly reality as transient is to contrast it with the theme of a heavenly kingdom. As the poem ends, the Wanderer notes that there is, "comfort from the Father in heaven, where all stability resides" (70). The heart of Anglo-Saxon life will pass for all as it did for the Wanderer. Comfort is not to be found in that transient world, but in the world beyond, through security in the heavenly kingdom. Works Cited "The Wanderer." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams. 6th _ed. New York: Norton, 1993. 68-70.

“Dialogue with Trypho” by Justin Martyr Essay

In his work â€Å"Dialogue with Trypho† Justin Martyr in a form of a dialogue presents the views quite contrary to what it is usually taught. A well-known idea of Jews being the chosen nation favored by God is rejected. Justin Martyr is trying to find logic underneath God’s wrath, and his line of argumentation, based on analysis of the Old Testament, does emphasize the idea that Jews were punished by Mosaic rules for improper behavior. Jews are the chosen nation not because God likes them, but rather because they have to be punished for disobedience. The starting point of Martyr’s analysis is the presupposition that God is the only – both for Judaism and Christianity- God is eternal, â€Å"who created and formed the universe†. The second presupposition necessary for his line of argumentation is that God has â€Å"foreknowledge of future events†, however God â€Å"doesn’t prepare beforehand what everyone deserves†. I find a contradiction in this interpretation of God, since if God participates in human life, He performs some actions, and being able to forecast the events – He knows ahead what He will do, since the events on earth are directly influenced by his actions, therefore God, being the just one, has to prepare what we deserve, because if not – then God is unjust and performs spontaneous actions, God is capricious – a feature usually attributed to God by Muslims, but denied by Christians. So, either God is just and active in human life, then our life is pre-determined, and the whole argumentation of Martyr falls to pieces, or God is unjust, capricious – this doesn’t go together with the image of God in Christianity, or God doesn’t know the future, but acts justly in the current situation – then we are responsibly for own actions, and only in this case Jews can be punished by God through laws, mandatory customs, and sacrifices. Even though Martyr gives a different definition to God which I find illogical with his line of argumentation – he goes on discussing sins committed by Jews in front of God’s face for which they consequently were punished by Him. The greatest sin of Jews is that they â€Å"murdered the Just One†, Jesus Christ, they violated the Law not once, but continue to do so â€Å"have persecuted Christ in the past and still do, and do not repent†. The genuinely chosen nation is the followers of Christ – saved by faith alone – who don’t have to  follow all the traditions (Sabbath day, circumcision, limits in food), as these customs are imposed on Jews only for their sins and hardness of heart. I would like to stress the logic of Martyr underneath the idea of irrelevance of circumcision for a true Christian. Martyr gives two arguments to prove that circumcision was given to â€Å"mark you (Jews) off for the suffering†. The first point is that â€Å"God what not have created Adam uncircumcised† if circumcision would be necessary for salvation, however God created us imperfect in order to be able to choose between right and wrong so that we would experience genuine love to God and would be able to act according to our will. In such way, circumcision can be just another step, payment or a way to show genuine love to God, lack of circumcision can be one of those imperfect signs in Adam and Eve as means to achieve holiness and find peace with God, a painful stage one has to pass. The second argument of Martyr is â€Å"the fact that females cannot receive circumcision of the flesh shows that circumcision was given as a sign, not as an act of justification† and at the same time women have the â€Å"capability of performing every good and righteous act†, so Martyrs’ idea is that if women cannot be circumcised – they cannot receive salvation, which they actually do receive. However, since women equally can be forgiven, they are also equally guilty, then why is it that God punishes by circumcision only Jewish men, but women stay uncircumcised? In such was, if God according to Martyr has to equally distribute salvation to both men and women, he also has to equally distribute punishmen t being just be definition, however in case of only Jewish men, but not women, being circumcised, God doesn’t do that. These two arguments of Martyr don’t prove anything. Martyr goes even further then this stating that the Jewish scriptures belong to Christians, but not to Jews. He presents events in the OT in a different shade, being symbolic for Gentiles and predicting the coming of Jesus Christ. â€Å"The mystery of the lamb which God ordered you to sacrifice as the Passover was truly a type of Christ†, â€Å"prophet Moses remained until evening in the form of the cross†¦ happened in the likeness of this sign†. These explanations of parts of the OT purposively provide additional support to Gentiles being favored by God rather then Jews, however OT scriptures were written over a vast period of time, combined in a stranger manner having 4 –  J, P, DH, E sources. And every source brought additional changes to the scripture adjusting the text to those currently in force, East and West, and Aaronic and Mosaic priesthood. There exists a view, that prophecy about coming of Jesus were added only after the coming of Christ and the fact that the majority weren’t well educated only contributes to the fact that using this understanding of Bible as a support is more then relative and has to have a deeper argumentation. Moreover, there are a lot of references in the Bible, where it is directly stated, that the scriptures belongs to Jews, that they are the chosen nation and that God will protect them throughout their life-time and the life-time of their descendants. Martyr presents guidance for life to Jews through explanation of who, in his opinion, would be saved. Martyr says that a Jew could hold up to the rules given in the OT, but still every Jew has to accept Christ as a savior, through faith, however he denies that the OT laws are actually necessary even for a Jew. In such way, Martyr doesn’t give a solution of the problem, as he neither rejects, nor accepts the OT, he cannot give a definite answer on what actually should be changed in traditions of a Jew, as he neither bold enough to deny the scripture, nor bold enough to re-affirm it. Generally, â€Å"Dialogue with Trypho† by Justin Martyr is an interesting work because of its uncommon world view, however it is written in a kind of free style without the argumentation being presented from the opposite side. It is useful to read, but I just cannot agree with his views, as all of his positions will hardly stand up to strong contra-argumentation. Frankly speaking, I doubt that a person will ever manage to figure out the reasoning of God, who had chosen the Jews either for punishment or praise, because this is what Martyr is attempting to do – rationally prove and explain the motives of God for the punishment of Jews, which is impossible.

Software Developing

The software was developed iteratively by submitting module by module. The requirements were changing time-to-time and the software had to go many changes throughout the development. Small chunks were developing from time-to-time which required some changes to be incorporated in the system. In the meanwhile the developed modules were tested and the feedback was collected continuously to incorporate in our system. The initial version of the software was released with some simple functionalities and the changes and feedback and requirements were updated which added some advancement to the software we developed. 2.2 Architectural Strategies 2.2.1 Programming Language Python- As python is one of the world's powerful programming languages it gives some of the built-in modules for development which makes system faster and easy for development. The classes and methods are developed using python. The prediction model uses some of the libraries in python. PromQL- The query for extraction and generation of the graphs has been written in PromQL query language 2.2.2 Future Plans As it comes to the future it will be taking the corrective actions automatically which means using AI agents for handling all the aspects of failure and recovery of the system. The enhancement includes chatbot implementation for limited set of queries about the usage stats and analysis of the data. 2.2.3 User Interface Paradigm The user will be provided with the dashboard for the results and reports generated. The dashboard provides various features like querying on the data and stats about the usage of resources and various functionalities. The predictive analysis will be shown in a console of the IDE PyCharm. The user will be given set of values through which the user get an idea about the usage. 2.2.4 Error Detection and Recovery ErrorDetection is carried out by user testing and slack bot has been setup to report the bug in the system. The different datasets are used for testing the ARIMA model has been carried out to test the efficiency of the system.Recovery has been done by alerting the user about the crash in the system using slack automated system and the systems stable state (previous state) will be restored. 2.2.5 Data Storage Management The data are extracted from the exporters and stored in a csv file. The extraction happens between an interval of 5 sec. As the data will be not accessed frequently and modified the data is stored on the stable storage within the machine running the programs. 2.2.6 Communication Mechanism Prometheus used http protocol to communicate with its client system and members. Message passing mechanism will be used to communicate with the exporters for the extraction of the raw data about usage of the resources. Grafana uses http protocol for extraction of the data from prometheus. The data will be passed by prometheus to grafana using the endpoint ‘/metrics'. 2.2.7 Graph Generation Mechanism The prometheus tool uses a query language called PromQL used for aggregating the extracted data and based on those factors the graphs will be generated. 2.3 System Architecture As it comes to system architecture typical style has been used which is separate modules and microservices has been used to build the system.Figure 2.2 System Architecture 2.4 Data Flow Diagrams2. 4.1 Data Flow Diagram – Level 0 Figure 2.3 Data Flow Diagram – Level 0 Initial step is to collect the data from the system (AWS) and the data are stored in CSV file for further analysis. Prometheus is used for real time monitoring of the AWS instances and generation of usage graphs. 2.4.2 Data Flow Diagram – Level 1Figure 2.4 Data Flow Diagram – Level 1 Exporters are installed for extracting the metrics from the AWS instances , which is then used by Prometheus monitoring tool for the usage graph generation and the extracted data will be stored in the CSV for further analysis 2.4.3 Data Flow Diagram – Level 2Figure 2.5 Data Flow Diagram – Level 2 Different exporters are installed to get the metrics from different instances, where each exporter will be used by Prometheus to get the data for graph and usage stats generation.Predictive analysis will be done on the stored data using the ARIMA model.